These signaling molecules can be biomarkers of BQ carcinogenesis. These events are related to reactive oxygen species, TGF-β1, Smad2-dependent and -independent signaling, but not COX. ANE-induced MMP-9 production/expression in SAS cells can be attenuated by SB431542 (ALK5/Smad2 inhibitor), 5Z-7-Oxozeaenol (TAK1 inhibitor), catalase, PD153035 (EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor), AG490 (JAK inhibitor), U0126 (MEK/ERK inhibitor), LY294002 (PI3K/Akt inhibitor), betel leaf (PBL) extract, and hydroxychavicol (HC, a PBL component), and melatonin, but not by aspirin.ĪN components contribute to oral carcinogenesis by stimulating MMP-9 secretion, thus enhancing tumor invasion/metastasis. ANE stimulated TGF-β1, p-Smad2, and p-TAK1 protein expression. Whether areca nut extract (ANE), a BQ component, stimulates MMP-9 secretion, and the related signaling pathways awaits investigation.ĪNE (but not arecoline) stimulated MMP-9 production of gingival keratinocytes and SAS cancer epithelial cells. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is responsible for matrix degradation, cancer invasion and metastasis. There are 200-600 million betel quid (BQ) chewers in the world. Effects of AN and PBL on platelet aggregation and AA metabolism is crucial for platelet activation in the oral mucosa and cardiovascular system in BQ chewers. PBL inhibited platelet aggregation via both its antioxidative effects and effects on TXB2 and PGD2 production. These results suggest that AN-induced platelet aggregation is associated with iron-mediated reactive oxygen species production, calcium mobilization, phospholipase C activation, and TXB2 production. Catalase, superoxide dismutase, and dimethylthiourea (DMT) showed little effect on AN-induced platelet aggregation, whereas catalase and DMT inhibited the AN-induced TXB2 production. Indomethacin, genistein, and PBL extract inhibited only TXB2 production, but not platelet aggregation. Deferoxamine, 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA) and neomycin prevented AN-induced platelet aggregation and TXB2 production. Moreover, PBL is a scavenger of O2(*-) and *OH, and inhibits xanthine oxidase activity and the (*)OH-induced PUC18 DNA breaks. PBL extract also inhibited platelet TXB2 and PGD2 production triggered by thrombin, platelet activating factor (PAF), and adenosine diphosphate (ADP), whereas little effect on platelet aggregation was noted. Contrastingly, Piper betle leaf (PBL) extract inhibited AA-, collagen-, and U46619-induced platelet aggregation, and TXB2 and prostaglandin-D2 (PGD2) production. AN extract (1 and 2 mg/ml) stimulated rabbit platelet aggregation, with induction of thromboxane B2 (TXB2) production. Areca nut (AN), a BQ component, modulates arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism, which is crucial for platelet function. The work is intentionally silent, to contemplate on the imagery itself however, it’s hypothetical soundtrack-the one that plays in my head when viewing it-is Sine Wave by Mogwai.There are 2 to 6 billion betel quid (BQ) chewers in the world. Thus, the project is an attempt to undermine the image by way of the image itself. The bomb, and its iconic mushroom cloud, which featured on everything from newsreels, newspapers, and magazines to bikinis, t-shirts, posters, stamps, records, and even corporate logos, was promptly reduced to nuclear kitsch. Almost as soon as the first devastatingly beautiful mushroom cloud evaporated, the scared awe and terror of the nuclear sublime quickly degenerated into a new atomic aesthetic of the familiar and the banal. ~ Project 596 was the The People’s Republic of China’s first nuclear test.ĥ digital projections, or 56 individual screens (each)Ĭoming from the realisation that movies are only an illusion of time and motion comprised of thousands of still images, the project forms part of a larger ongoing experiment to visually represent film, or moments in film, in a single image. The name of the series, although incongruous and purposefully so, refers to the moments of pleasure we experience when confronted with extraordinary physical phenomena, such as the tremendous power of a nuclear explosion. The profound impact of an atomic blast can be best understood by placing it in the context of the sublime. ~ Tightrope was the last atmospheric test conducted by the United States of America before signing the 1963 treaty banning nuclear weapon tests in the atmosphere, in outer space, and under water. ~ Tsar Bomba remains the most powerful artificial explosion in human history. ~ Upshot-Knothole Grable was the first and only nuclear shell to be fired from a cannon (the M65 Atomic Cannon). ~ George was the world’s first thermonuclear burn.
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