![]() ![]() ![]() Jesus was not a spirit being, like an angel (Luke 24:39), but his body was empowered by spirit in such a way that 1 Corinthians 15:45 says that Jesus Christ became a “life-giving spirit”. Pneuma is used of Jesus Christ, the Son of God, in his resurrected body. In Acts 5:3, Peter told Ananias, “…you have lied to the Holy Spirit…,” whom he identified in verse 4 as “God” via a parallelism. Many other verses clearly teach that Christ was the Son of God the Father, here called the “Holy Spirit” (because God is holy and God is spirit). Matthew 1:18 says that Mary was pregnant through “the Holy Spirit”. Pneuma is used of God, the Creator of the universe and Father of the Lord Jesus Christ. Pneuma is used of an immaterial “substance.” John 4:24 says, “God is spirit….” These are the various meanings of pneuma. The realization of this truth has been hindered by the doctrine of the Trinity, because Trinitarians tend to see pneuma as referring to “God the Holy Spirit” in a majority of the verses, even if the context militates against that interpretation. īullinger is surely correct that since God has chosen to use pneuma in so many different constructions, He must be trying to communicate many different meanings and emphasize different points. Now, the question is, are we to make no difference in our reading and understanding of these various uses? Can it be that God employs the word pneuma in all these different ways, and yet has no object in so doing and has only one meaning for them all? Surely, no one will contend that this is the case. Each class is distinct, to say nothing of the minor variations. Here are seven different ways in which the word pneuma is employed. Thus used it becomes a superlative adjective. It is employed with a second noun with which it is joined by a conjunction ( Hendiadys). These again are used with and without the article: e.g., a pneuma of sonship (Rom. It is employed with ten other nouns in the genitive case, which (by Enallage) qualify the meaning of pneuma. It is employed in combination with the Divine Names in seven different forms of which four have the article, and three are without: e.g., pneuma Theou pneuma Christou, etc. 12:16): thus turning the phrase into an adverb. Adverbially, as meaning spiritually and sometimes (like en dolo), craftily, 2 Cor. ( en pneumati), by or through the Spirit: denoting agency.ī. It is used with prepositions, which affect its sense:Ī. It is used with pronouns: e.g., the pneuma of me: i.e., my pneuma, Matt. It is employed with hagion (“holy”) in four ways:Ī. ![]() Let us next note the various ways in which the Greek word pneuma, is employed: i.e., the way in which it is used (apart from its meanings, or the sense which is given to it: i.e., its usage): Bullinger wrote about the different ways in which the Greek word pneuma, spirit, is used (not what pneuma means, but simply the way the word itself is employed in the Greek text). The various ways pneuma can be translated into English is due in part to the fact that in the Greek New Testament pneuma appears in many forms. If we do not understand what God is saying in the context, then it is very easy to mistranslate. It also highlights the absolute necessity to understand the context of each use of pneuma. The difference in the lists above highlights the difficulty in properly translating pneuma because it has so many meanings. ![]()
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